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Understanding Thyroid Cancer

The rising incidence of thyroid cancer in Jammu and Kashmir highlights
11:26 PM Feb 03, 2025 IST | Guest Contributor
understanding thyroid cancer
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Dr Azhar Jan Battoo

The rising incidence of thyroid cancer in Jammu and Kashmir highlights

Thyroid Cancer

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Thyroid cancer, although relatively rare, is on the rise globally, and this trend is also evident in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K). It is noteworthy that thyroid cancer ranks as the 7th most common cancer worldwide and is the 5th most common cancer among females. The age-standardized incidence rate for thyroid cancer is 9.1 per 100,000 population across both sexes, with a higher rate of 13.6 per 100,000 in females. Despite the increasing number of diagnosed cases, the mortality rate for thyroid cancer has remained comparatively low, which clearly hints at good prognosis of the disease.

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While there is no published population-based cancer data available specifically for Jammu and Kashmir, a glance at the Population Based Cancer Registries in India indicates that thyroid cancer ranks between the 2nd and 5th most common cancer among females. Its growing incidence highlights a pressing need for better management of the disease, with dedicated services for the same.

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The thyroid gland plays a crucial role in the body by regulating metabolism through the production of thyroid hormones. When cancer develops in the thyroid gland, it can take several forms, with papillary thyroid cancer being the most common.

Risk Factors and Symptoms

While thyroid cancer is not always preventable, there are certain risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing the disease. Thyroid cancer is more common in females, particularly between the ages of 20 and 40. Family history and exposure to radiation increases the risk of having thyroid cancer. Some familial syndromes also increase the risk of having this cancer.

Early-stage thyroid cancer typically shows no symptoms, while as advanced thyroid cancers usually present in the form of a lump in the throat, hoarseness of voice etc.

Diagnostic Challenges and Healthcare Access

While there are healthcare facilities in the region, there are few centres that are dedicated specifically to cancer care, least not to speak of, dedicated head and neck cancer care services for the treatment of thyroid cancers.

Diagnostic tools such as ultrasonography and fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) are critical in the early detection of thyroid cancer. These procedures are relatively simple and non-invasive but require manpower with expertise in applying these equipment and technologies to thyroid cancer diagnosis.

Additionally, routine screenings for individuals at higher risk—such as those with a family history of thyroid disease or prior radiation exposure—could also play a vital role in early identification. Many thyroid nodules cannot be diagnosed with certainty using these modalities and require advanced technologies and genetic testing for diagnosis and further management.

Management and Prognosis

The majority of thyroid cancers belong to a broad category of differentiated thyroid cancers, which have an excellent prognosis, even in advanced stages. With modern treatment modalities, the prognosis for thyroid cancer has improved dramatically over the years. What was once a potentially life-threatening condition has now become more of a quality-of-life issue, especially when managed by expert professionals of this field.

The treatment of thyroid cancer typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, which includes the involvement of head and neck oncologists, medical oncologists, nuclear medicine physicians, radiation oncologists, as well as specially trained radiologists and pathologists. This team-based approach ensures that patients receive the best possible care, tailored to their specific needs.

Advancements in surgery have played a significant role in improving outcomes for thyroid cancer patients. The use of state-of-the-art technologies, such as nerve monitoring devices and energy devices, has reduced the risk of post-surgical complications. This modern equipment has made surgical management more precise, decreased surgical morbidity, hence allowing for faster recovery times and better long-term results.

Moreover, molecular genetic testing has emerged as a crucial tool in the management of thyroid cancer making it more personalized and targeted.

Dr Azhar Jan Battoo is Associate Consultant, Oncology, Paras Hospital, Srinagar