The Cultural Canvas of Kashmir’s Health

According to Hippocrates, the Father of Medicine, Nazla is a condition in which the Nasal mucosa gets inflamed and is always associated with excessive nasal discharge, while Zukam is a Nazla of the Nasal mucosal lining. Some physicians have differentiated them; Abu al Hassan Ahmad Bin Jurjani (12^th century AD) wrote in his book ‘Zakhheera Khawarizam Shahi’ mentioned  Nazla as the flow of these fluids towards the nose, and Zukam as the flow towards the throat. If the symptoms are intense, then it is known as Nazla-o-Zukam Harr (acute). If they are of low intensity, then it is known as Nazla-o-Zukam Barid (chronic).

Hakim Ghulam Geelani in his book ‘Makhzanul Hikmat’, stated that the term Nazla is derived from the Arabic term ‘Nazoor’ which means dripping down. Common cold also called ‘Rhinitis’, is caused mainly due to allergies or viral infection and is a symptom in many disease conditions.  It referred as ‘Pratishyaya’ in Ayurveda. This condition is characterized by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, blocked nose, running nose, sneezing, cough, headach, mild fever, (Tuff Terri) and throat irritation.

Unani Scholar Najeeb-ud-din Samarqandi, in the 13^th century, mentioned a type of epidemic influenza in his treatise “Al-asbab wa-Alamat” (the book of causes and symptoms). In the translated version of the book published under the name “Sharah Asbab”, the disease is referred to as Nazla-e-Wabaiya (epidemic influenza) in the chapter on ‘Anaf al-Anza’ (Influenza). Regarding Nazla-e-Wabaiya, Samarqandi states that it is associated with fever, sneezing, sore throat, nasal irritation, and malaise. Specifically, weakness sets in early in the disease.

He further states that a patient with Nazla-e-Wabaiya may also suffer from cough, diarrhea, and delirium. Pleurisy and pneumonia, if present, worsen the prognosis. It is evident that despite the inability to observe microbes, Unani scholars could envision and comprehend their sources and reservoirs, modes of transmission of infections, and potential causes of infections turning into epidemics.

The theories and observations closely resemble contemporary knowledge of infections, reinforcing the fact that Unani medicine can play a significant role in combating current health problems. Ibn Sina, in his ‘Al Qanoon-Fit Tibb’, an Encyclopedia of medicine in Europe till the 17^th  century, extensively described the etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, and treatment of Nazla va Zukam, including Nazla Haar.

Nazla/Zukam, occurring in both winter and summer seasons, is often attributed to cold weather during winters and peak heat during summers. People tend to associate a common cold with winter and heat related ailments with summer.

Nazal/Zukam is very common in Kashmir; it might seem that way because cold weather can contribute to the spread of respiratory viruses like the common cold.

During winter, people tend to spend more time indoors in close proximity, providing favorable conditions for the transmission of viruses. Additionally, cold weather can weaken individuals, making them more susceptible to infections. Nazla/Zukam is a contagious condition; if someone with a cold touches an object, and another person touches the same object, they may also contract the cold. Therefore, it’s crucial to remember to keep personal belongings separate if you have a cold or nasal congestion.

In the picturesque region of Kashmir, where the seasons weave a tapestry of breathtaking landscapes, traditional remedies for the common cold have been deeply rooted in the culture for centuries. Among these, a notable elixir known as ‘Kehwa’ stands out.

To concoct this comforting blend, artisans of health combine ginger, cinnamon, saffron, honey, black pepper, and cardamom. The resulting brew is believed to diminish the impact of a cold, a time-tested remedy passed down through generations.

In the pursuit of relief from a runny nose, another traditional remedy known as ‘Rohan thoul (Garlic Egg) comes into play. This preparation, akin to a medicinal potion, involves the amalgamation of egg, green chili, ‘Kaashir machwagan’ garlic, onion, and mint (Pudina). The potion, served as a savory dish, is thought to combat nasal congestion effectively.

As the crisp winter air envelops Kashmir, the locals turn to dried vegetables, colloquially known as ‘Hukh Suen’. Among these, ‘Ruwagan Haechi’, or dried tomatoes, take center stage.

However, it’s not just in the culinary realm that remedies flourish. The use of salted hot water steam, known as ‘Noon Aab Bouh’ finds a place in the healing therapy. Indeed, the application of hot oil, known as ‘Tout Teel’, holds a significant place in Kashmir’s traditional health practices.

Applying hot oil to both nostrils is believed to have multifaceted benefits. Firstly, it is thought to provide relief to the nasal passages, easing congestion and promoting easier breathing. The warmth of the oil is believed to have a soothing effect on the sinuses, helping to alleviate the discomfort associated with a cold.

Moreover, the application of hot oil is not limited to nasal care. It is also believed to have positive effects on the brain, promoting mental clarity and focus. The aromatic properties of certain oils may contribute to a sense of well-being and relaxation. Additionally, the application of hot oil to the throat is considered beneficial in addressing cold symptoms. The warmth is believed to have a soothing effect on the throat, providing relief from soreness and irritation.

These practices reflect the holistic approach to health in Kashmir, where remedies are often designed to address various aspects of well being simultaneously.

The use of hot oil as a versatile remedy underscores the interconnectedness of the body’s systems and the belief that holistic care contributes to overall health and vitality. Even as modernity has brought Western medicine to Kashmir in the late 19th century, these age old practices persist. The people of Kashmir find a harmonious balance between ancient remedies and contemporary healthcare.

The incorporation of dried vegetables and the reliance on natural ingredients showcase the resilience of these time-honored practices, standing resilient against the test of time amidst the changing tides of medical advancements. The essence of these remedies is not just in their efficacy but in the cultural heritage they embody, weaving a rich narrative of health and tradition in the Kashmiri way of life.

Hilal Ahmad Tantray is a Ph. D Research Scholar at Department of History and Culture, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi.