Explained: What is Zero FIR and why it matters a lot?

Srinagar, May 25: Zero FIR is a progressive legal provision that allows a victim of a crime to register a First Information Report (FIR) at any police station in India, regardless of where the crime actually took place. Unlike traditional FIRs, which can only be registered within the jurisdiction where the offence occurred, a Zero FIR bypasses jurisdictional barriers to ensure immediate legal recourse and faster police response.

Zero FIR is not just a procedural innovation—it is a victim-centric reform aimed at making the criminal justice system more accessible, responsive, and humane. In an age where crimes often transcend physical boundaries, especially online, the relevance of Zero FIR has only increased. It empowers citizens to seek timely justice without being burdened by jurisdictional technicalities, and reaffirms the state’s duty to protect and serve—swiftly and without prejudice.

This mechanism was introduced following the recommendations of the Justice Verma Committee, formed in the wake of the 2012 Nirbhaya case, and was enacted through the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013. Before Zero FIR, victims often faced refusal from police stations that claimed the crime didn’t fall within their jurisdiction. This led to delays in filing complaints and initiating investigations—often undermining justice and traumatizing victims further.

The need for Zero FIR became especially clear in cases involving:’ Serious or time-sensitive crimes, such as sexual assault or kidnapping, where immediate action is crucial.

Online or cybercrimes, where the location of the offence may be unclear or spread across multiple jurisdictions.

Victims in distress, who may be unaware of the correct police jurisdiction due to fear, trauma, or unfamiliarity with the area.

How Does

Zero FIR Work?

Step 1

A victim approaches any police station to report a cognizable offence (e.g., murder, rape, kidnapping).

Step 2

The police must immediately register the complaint as a Zero FIR under Section 154 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC).

Step 3

The Zero FIR is later transferred to the police station with proper jurisdiction, where it is given a number and full investigation begins.

Key Feature

At the initial stage, the FIR is not assigned a number—hence the name “Zero” FIR. The official numbering happens only after it is transferred to the jurisdictional station.

What If Police Refuse to Register a Zero FIR?

If a police officer refuses to register a Zero FIR:

The victim can write to the Superintendent of Police (SP), who is legally empowered to investigate or delegate the case.

If no action follows, the victim can approach the Magistrate under Section 156(3) CrPC, requesting directions for FIR registration.

Section 166A of the Indian Penal Code also provides for punishment against public servants who fail to register an FIR for cognizable offences.

Why Is Zero FIR Important?

Eliminates jurisdictional hurdles: Victims get immediate help without being redirected based on location.

Safeguards victim rights: Ensures timely action, especially in crimes where time is of the essence.

Boosts public confidence: Builds trust in the criminal justice system by demonstrating responsiveness and accessibility.

Addresses modern challenges: Particularly relevant in the era of cybercrime, where the geographic source of offences may be indeterminate.