Clarifying Dementia and Alzheimer’s for Better Care

As we approach the final week of September, recognized as Alzheimer’s Awareness Month, our exclusive dementia clinic has seen numerous patients, along with many home visits to seniors. A significant number of older adults are impacted by this condition. It’s common to confuse dementia with Alzheimer’s disease, but they are distinct conditions. Today, we will know the differences and gain a deeper understanding of both.

Difference Between Alzheimer’s and Dementia:

Dementia: Dementia is a broad term used to describe a set of cognitive symptoms that interfere with an individual’s daily functioning. It includes memory loss, impaired thinking, reasoning, and communication abilities. Dementia is not a specific disease but a collection of symptoms caused by various underlying conditions, including Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia.

Alzheimer’s Disease: Alzheimer’s is a specific and the most common cause of dementia. It has distinct pathological features in the brain, including the accumulation of abnormal protein deposits, such as beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles. These pathological changes progressively disrupt brain function, leading to cognitive decline and memory loss.

The risk factors associated with Alzheimer’s disease

Non-Modifiable Risk Factors:

• Age: Age is the most significant risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. The likelihood of developing the condition increases with advancing age, with the majority of cases occurring in individuals over 65.
• Genetics: Family history and genetics play a role. Individuals with a family history of Alzheimer’s have a higher risk, and certain genetic mutations, such as the APOE 4 allele, are associated with increased susceptibility.
• Gender: Women are generally more likely to develop Alzheimer’s than men, in part because they tend to live longer.
• Ethnicity: Some research suggests that certain ethnic groups may have a higher risk, but more studies are needed to confirm these associations.

Modifiable Risk Factors:

• Cardiovascular Health: Conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels, such as hypertension, high cholesterol, and diabetes, are linked to an increased risk of Alzheimer’s. Maintaining good cardiovascular health is crucial.
• Physical Inactivity: A sedentary lifestyle can contribute to a higher risk. Regular physical exercise is associated with a reduced risk of cognitive decline.
• Diet: Poor dietary choices, including a high intake of saturated fats and sugars, are linked to an increased risk. A heart-healthy diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, and omega-3 fatty acids may be protective.
• Mental Stimulation: Lack of mental stimulation and cognitive challenges may be a risk factor. Engaging in activities that challenge the brain, such as puzzles and learning new skills, can help maintain cognitive function.
• Social Isolation: Social isolation and limited social interactions may contribute to cognitive decline. Maintaining an active social life can be protective.
• Sleep Disorders: Conditions like sleep apnea and chronic sleep deprivation have been associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer’s. Good sleep hygiene is essential.
• Depression: Chronic depression and untreated mental health issues may increase the risk of cognitive decline. Seeking treatment for depression is crucial.
• Head Trauma: A history of severe head injuries, particularly repeated concussions, is associated with a higher risk. Protecting the head from injury is important.
• Smoking and Alcohol Use: Smoking and alcohol consumption have been linked to an increased risk. Quitting smoking and alcohol can be beneficial.
• Environmental Factors: Some environmental factors, such as exposure to air pollution and certain toxins, have been investigated as potential risk factors.

Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease:

• Memory Loss: One of the earliest and most prominent symptoms is the inability to remember recently learned information, which progressively worsens over time.
• Difficulty with Problem-Solving: Individuals may struggle with tasks that involve planning, decision-making, and problem-solving, impacting their ability to manage daily activities.
• Confusion and Disorientation: A common feature as the disease advances, leading to confusion about time, place, and circumstances.
• Language Problems: Alzheimer’s can disrupt an individual’s ability to communicate effectively. This includes difficulty finding the right words, repeating oneself, or misunderstanding conversations.
• Mood and Personality Changes: Individuals may experience mood swings, depression, anxiety, irritability, and changes in personality or social behaviour.
• Withdrawal from Activities: As cognitive function declines, individuals may become less engaged in activities, hobbies, and social interactions they once enjoyed.
• Loss of Recognition: In the later stages, Alzheimer’s can lead to an inability to recognize family members and close friends, causing distress for both the affected individual and their loved ones.

 Prevention:

While no guaranteed methods exist to prevent Alzheimer’s disease, certain lifestyle choices may reduce the risk or delay its onset:

• Healthy Diet: A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and sources of omega-3 fatty acids (e.g., fish) is associated with a lower risk.
• Regular Exercise: Physical activity, such as brisk walking or aerobic exercises, has been linked to a reduced risk of cognitive decline.
• Mental Stimulation: Engaging in mentally stimulating activities, such as puzzles, reading, or learning new skills, may promote brain health.
• Social Engagement: Staying socially active, participating in community activities, and maintaining strong social connections can be protective.
• Heart-Healthy Habits: Managing conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol through medication and lifestyle changes can lower the risk.
• Adequate Sleep: Prioritising healthy sleep patterns and addressing sleep disorders can support cognitive function.

Treatment:

Currently, there is no cure for Alzheimer’s disease, but several treatment approaches can help manage symptoms and improve an individual’s quality of life:

• Medications: Cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine are commonly prescribed drugs that can enhance cognitive function and help slow the progression of symptoms in some individuals.
• Therapies: Occupational therapy, speech therapy, and physical therapy are vital components of Alzheimer’s care, aiding individuals in maintaining functional independence.
• Supportive Care: Support from family, friends, and participation in support groups can provide emotional and practical assistance.

Consult your doctor for any treatment related query.

 Myths and Facts about Alzheimer’s Disease

Memory Loss Is Just a Normal Part of Aging: While it’s true that mild forgetfulness can be a normal part of aging, Alzheimer’s disease is not a typical age-related change. It is a progressive and degenerative brain disorder that goes beyond occasional memory lapses.

• Only Older People Get Alzheimer’s: While Alzheimer’s is more common in older adults, it can affect people in their 40s and 50s, known as early-onset Alzheimer’s. Age is a risk factor, but it’s not the sole determinant.
• Alzheimer’s and Dementia Are the Same: Dementia is an umbrella term that encompasses various cognitive impairments, including Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s is a specific type of dementia, but there are other causes of dementia, such as vascular dementia and frontotemporal dementia.
• Aluminium Causes Alzheimer’s: There is no conclusive evidence to support the idea that aluminium exposure, such as through cookware or antiperspirants, directly causes Alzheimer’s disease.
• There’s Nothing You Can Do to Prevent Alzheimer’s: While there is no guaranteed way to prevent Alzheimer’s, adopting a brain-healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, a balanced diet, mental stimulation, and managing cardiovascular risk factors, may help reduce the risk.
• Alzheimer’s Only Affects Memory: Alzheimer’s disease affects more than just memory. It can impact thinking, reasoning, communication, and behavior, leading to a range of cognitive and behavioral changes.
• Once Diagnosed, Nothing Can Be Done: While there is no cure for Alzheimer’s, early diagnosis allows for symptom management, potential participation in clinical trials, and the opportunity to plan for the future, including legal and financial matters.
• All Cases of Memory Loss Are Alzheimer’s: Memory loss can have various causes, including stress, depression, medication side effects, and other medical conditions. Not all memory problems are indicative of Alzheimer’s.
• You Can’t Communicate with Someone with Alzheimer’s: People with Alzheimer’s can still communicate, especially in the early stages. Effective communication strategies, patience, and understanding can help maintain meaningful connections.
• It’s Always Inherited: While there is a genetic component to Alzheimer’s, it’s not solely hereditary. Most cases are not directly inherited. Having a family history increases the risk but doesn’t guarantee the disease will develop.